Abstract
This study examines the effects of mechanical behavior, thermal characteristics, and tribological variables (sliding frequency, normal load, and temperature) on the tribological performance of carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated aramid fabric-reinforced epoxy composites using a computational and data-driven machine learning (ML) approach. Predictive models for the coefficient of friction (COF) were developed based on previous tribological, mechanical, and thermal data, employing three ML algorithms: artificial neural network (ANN), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and random forest (RF). The models showed the following results—ANN: R2 = 0.9088, GBM: R2 = 0.92807, and RF: R2 = 0.85294, with the GBM model providing the best predictions. The dataset with the best performance had an error percentage of 0.003658%, while the poorest performance showed 13.56625%. Feature score analysis highlighted load, sliding frequency, and CNT content as key factors influencing COF. This data-driven ML analysis offers significant insights into the tribological behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, aiding in material design and performance optimization.
Issue Section:
Coatings & Solid Lubricants
References
1.
Kumar
, S.
, Singh
, K. K.
, and Ramkumar
, J.
, 2021
, “The Effects of Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Tribological Performance of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part J: J. Eng. Tribol.
, 235
(8
), pp. 1514
–1525
. 2.
Yadav
, R.
, Singh
, M.
, Shekhawat
, D.
, Lee
, S. Y.
, and Park
, S. J.
, 2023
, “The Role of Fillers to Enhance the Mechanical, Thermal, and Wear Characteristics of Polymer Composite Materials: A Review
,” Composites Part A
, 175
, p. 107775
. 3.
Singh
, M.
, Dodla
, S.
, Gautam
, R. K.
, and Srivastava
, V. K.
, 2023
, “Effect of Load, Sliding Frequency, and Temperature on Tribological Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelets Coated Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
,” J. Compos. Mater.
, 57
(1
), pp. 121
–132
. 4.
Kumar
, S.
, and Singh
, K. K.
, 2020
, “Tribological Behaviour of Fibre-Reinforced Thermoset Polymer Composites: A Review
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl.
, 234
(11
), pp. 1439
–1449
. 5.
Findik
, F.
, 2014
, “Latest Progress on Tribological Properties of Industrial Materials
,” Mater. Des.
, 57
, pp. 218
–244
. 6.
Shalwan
, A.
, and Yousif
, B. F.
, 2014
, “Influence of Date Palm Fibre and Graphite Filler on Mechanical and Wear Characteristics of Epoxy Composites
,” Mater. Des.
, 59
, pp. 264
–273
. 7.
Bijwe
, J.
, Rattan
, R.
, and Fahim
, M.
, 2007
, “Abrasive Wear Performance of Carbon Fabric Reinforced Polyetherimide Composites: Influence of Content and Orientation of Fabric
,” Tribol. Int.
, 40
(5
), pp. 844
–854
. 8.
Xiong
, X.
, Shen
, S. Z.
, Alam
, N.
, Hua
, L.
, Li
, X.
, Wan
, X.
, and Miao
, M.
, 2018
, “Mechanical and Abrasive Wear Performance of Woven Flax Fabric/Polyoxymethylene Composites
,” Wear
, 414
, pp. 9
–20
. 9.
Chairman
, C. A.
, and Kumaresh Babu
, S. P.
, 2013
, “Mechanical and Abrasive Wear Behavior of Glass and Basalt Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
, 130
(1
), pp. 120
–130
. 10.
Suresha
, B.
, Ramesh
, B. N.
, Subbaya
, K. M.
, Kumar
, B. R.
, and Chandramohan
, G.
, 2010
, “Influence of Graphite Filler on Two-Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Carbon Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,” Mater. Des.
, 31
(4
), pp. 1833
–1841
. 11.
Holmberg
, K.
, Kivikytö-Reponen
, P.
, Härkisaari
, P.
, Valtonen
, K.
, and Erdemir
, A.
, 2017
, “Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction and Wear in the Mining Industry
,” Tribol. Int.
, 115
, pp. 116
–139
. 12.
Kumar
, S.
, and Singh
, K. K.
, 2019
, “Tribological Performances of Woven Carbon Fabric/Epoxy Composites Under Dry and Oil Lubrication Condition: An Experimental Investigation,” Trends in Materials Engineering: Select Proceedings of ICFTMM 2018
, I.
Singh
, B.
Pramendra Kumar
and P.
Kuldeep
, eds., Springer, Singapore
, Singapore
, pp. 43
–50
.13.
Holmberg
, K.
, Andersson
, P.
, Nylund
, N. O.
, Mäkelä
, K.
, and Erdemir
, A.
, 2014
, “Global Energy Consumption Due to Friction in Trucks and Buses
,” Tribol. Int.
, 78
, pp. 94
–114
. 14.
Yang
, X.
, Boroomandpour
, A.
, Wen
, S.
, Toghraie
, D.
, and Soltani
, F.
, 2021
, “Applying Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for Prediction of the Thermal Characteristics of Water/Ethylene Glycol-Based Mono, Binary and Ternary Nanofluids Containing MWCNTs, Titania, and Zinc Oxide
,” Powder Technol.
, 388
, pp. 418
–424
. 15.
Hasan
, M. S.
, Wong
, T.
, Rohatgi
, P. K.
, and Nosonovsky
, M.
, 2022
, “Analysis of the Friction and Wear of Graphene Reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites Using Machine Learning Models
,” Tribol. Int.
, 170
, p. 107527
. 16.
Mohammed
, A. S.
, Dodla
, S.
, Katiyar
, J. K.
, and Samad
, M. A.
, 2023
, “Prediction of Friction Coefficient of su-8 and Its Composite Coatings Using Machine Learning Techniques
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part J: J. Eng. Tribol.
, 237
(4
), pp. 943
–953
. 17.
Schmidt
, J.
, Marques
, M. R.
, Botti
, S.
, and Marques
, M. A.
, 2019
, “Recent Advances and Applications of Machine Learning in Solid-State Materials Science
,” npj Comput. Mater.
, 5
(1
), p. 83
. 18.
Yu
, T.
, Li
, Z.
, and Wu
, D.
, 2019
, “Predictive Modeling of Material Removal Rate in Chemical Mechanical Planarization With Physics-Informed Machine Learning
,” Wear
, 426
, pp. 1430
–1438
. 19.
Graser
, J.
, Kauwe
, S. K.
, and Sparks
, T. D.
, 2018
, “Machine Learning and Energy Minimization Approaches for Crystal Structure Predictions: A Review and New Horizons
,” Chem. Mater.
, 30
(11
), pp. 3601
–3612
. 20.
Sarker
, I. H.
, 2021
, “Machine Learning: Algorithms, Real-World Applications and Research Directions
,” SN Comput. Sci.
, 2
(3
), p. 160
. 21.
Borjali
, A.
, Monson
, K.
, and Raeymaekers
, B.
, 2019
, “Predicting the Polyethylene Wear Rate in Pin-on-Disc Experiments in the Context of Prosthetic Hip Implants: Deriving a Data-Driven Model Using Machine Learning Methods
,” Tribol. Int.
, 133
, pp. 101
–110
. 22.
Kong
, Z.
, Beyca
, O.
, Bukkapatnam
, S. T.
, and Komanduri
, R.
, 2011
, “Nonlinear Sequential Bayesian Analysis-Based Decision Making for End-Point Detection of Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Processes
,” IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf.
, 24
(4
), pp. 523
–532
. 23.
Chicco
, D.
, Warrens
, M. J.
, and Jurman
, G.
, 2021
, “The Coefficient of Determination R-Squared is More Informative Than SMAPE, MAE, MAPE, MSE and RMSE in Regression Analysis Evaluation
,” Peerj Comput. Sci.
, 7
, p. e623
. 24.
Sharma
, M.
, Bijwe
, J.
, and Mitschang
, P.
, 2011
, “Abrasive Wear Studies on Composites of PEEK and PES With Modified Surface of Carbon Fabric
,” Tribol. Int.
, 44
(2
), pp. 81
–91
. 25.
Hasan
, M. S.
, Kordijazi
, A.
, Rohatgi
, P. K.
, and Nosonovsky
, M.
, 2022
, “Triboinformatics Approach for Friction and Wear Prediction of Al-Graphite Composites Using Machine Learning Methods
,” ASME J. Tribol.
, 144
(1
), p. 011701
. 26.
Singh
, M.
, Dodla
, S.
, and Gautam
, R. K.
, 2024
, “Mechanical and Tribological Properties of CNTs Coated Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,” Composites Part A
, 179
, p. 108061
. 27.
Kumar
, S.
, Singh
, K. S. K.
, and Singh
, K. K.
, 2022
, “Data-Driven Modeling for Predicting Tribo-Performance of Graphene-Incorporated Glass-Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Algorithms
,” Polym. Compos.
, 43
(9
), pp. 6599
–6610
. 28.
Friedman
, J. H.
, 2001
, “Greedy Function Approximation: A Gradient Boosting Machine
,” Ann. Stat.
, 29
(5
), pp. 1189
–1232
. 29.
Marian
, M.
, and Tremmel
, S.
, 2021
, “Current Trends and Applications of Machine Learning in Tribology—A Review
,” Lubricants
, 9
(9
), p. 86
. 30.
Vautard
, F.
, Fioux
, P.
, Vidal
, L.
, Siffer
, F.
, Roucoules
, V.
, Schultz
, J.
, Nardin
, M.
, and Defoort
, B.
, 2014
, “Use of Plasma Polymerization to Improve Adhesion Strength in Carbon Fiber Composites Cured by Electron Beam
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 6
(3
), pp. 1662
–1674
. 31.
Tsukizoe
, T.
, and Ohmae
, N.
, 1983
, “Friction and Wear of Advanced Composite Materials
,” Fibre Sci. Technol.
, 18
(4
), pp. 265
–286
. 32.
Lhymn
, C.
, Tempelmeyer
, K. E.
, and Davis
, P. K.
, 1985
, “The Abrasive Wear of Short Fibre Composites
,” Composites
, 16
(2
), pp. 127
–136
. 33.
Lancaster
, J. K.
, 1969
, “Abrasive Wear of Polymers
,” Wear
, 14
(4
), pp. 223
–239
. 34.
Bijwe
, J.
, Indumathi
, J.
, and Ghosh
, A. K.
, 2002
, “On the Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Fabric-Reinforced Polyetherimide Composites
,” Wear
, 253
(7–8
), pp. 768
–777
. 35.
Nguyen
, N. Y.
, Zhong
, Z. W.
, and Tian
, Y.
, 2015
, “An Analytical Investigation of Pad Wear Caused by the Conditioner in Fixed Abrasive Chemical–Mechanical Polishing
,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
, 77
(5–8
), pp. 897
–905
. 36.
Behera
, S.
, Gautam
, R. K.
, Mohan
, S.
, and Chattopadhyay
, A.
, 2021
, “Hemp Fiber Surface Modification: Its Effect on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Hemp Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites
,” Polym. Compos.
, 42
(10
), pp. 5223
–5236
. 37.
Ujah
, C. O.
, Kallon
, D. V. V.
, and Aigbodion
, V. S.
, 2023
, “Tribological Properties of CNTs-Reinforced Nano Composite Materials
,” Lubricants
, 11
(3
), p. 95
. 38.
Wang
, B.
, Fu
, Q.
, Li
, H.
, Qi
, L.
, and Lu
, Y.
, 2020
, “Synergistic Effect of Surface Modification of Carbon Fabrics and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Incorporation for Improving Tribological Properties of Carbon Fabrics/Resin Composites
,” Polym. Compos.
, 41
(1
), pp. 102
–111
. 39.
Mikhin
, N. M.
, and Lyapin
, K. S.
, 1970
, “Hardness Dependence of the Coefficient of Friction
,” Soviet Phys. J.
, 13
(3
), pp. 317
–321
. 40.
Unal
, H.
, Mimaroglu
, A.
, Kadıoglu
, U.
, and Ekiz
, H.
, 2004
, “Sliding Friction and Wear Behaviour of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Its Composites Under Dry Conditions
,” Mater. Des.
, 25
(3
), pp. 239
–245
. 41.
Bijwe
, J.
, Logani
, C. M.
, and Tewari
, U. S.
, 1990
, “Influence of Fillers and Fibre Reinforcement on Abrasive Wear Resistance of Some Polymeric Composites
,” Wear
, 138
(1–2
), pp. 77
–92
. 42.
Tewari
, U. S.
, Bijwe
, J.
, Mathur
, J. N.
, and Sharma
, I.
, 1992
, “Studies on Abrasive Wear of Carbon Fibre (Short) Reinforced Polyamide Composites
,” Tribol. Int.
, 25
(1
), pp. 53
–60
. 43.
Bijwe
, J.
, and Rattan
, R.
, 2007
, “Influence of Weave of Carbon Fabric in Polyetherimide Composites in Various Wear Situations
,” Wear
, 263
(7–12
), pp. 984
–991
. Copyright © 2025 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
